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Uroflow meter
Řezáč, Martin ; Hynčica, Ondřej (referee) ; Kučera, Pavel (advisor)
The aim of this thesis is to design and describe a device for medical measurement of flow of urine.This work is divided in several parts. In the first part the problem is analysed and the first version of the devices is designed. In second part the final solution and build of the prototype is described. In the next part the manufacture and testing of the first series is outlined.
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Breath Alcohol Tester
Pagáč, Patrik ; Kolář, Radim (referee) ; Chmelař, Milan (advisor)
The theme of bachlor’s project is design of simply breath alkohol tester. A breath alcohol test determines how much alcohol is in your blood by measuring the amount of alcohol in the air you breathe out (exhale).My task is interpret the possibility of measuring the alcohol content in the body. Describe the different methods and compare their accuracy and useability for practical measurements and also used in law enforcement.
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Study of selected mushroom toxins of Amanita muscaria.
Adámek, Michal ; Bosáková, Zuzana (advisor) ; Hložek, Tomáš (referee)
The presented bachelor's thesis was focused on the development of an HPLC-MS/MS method for the separation and eventual quantification of the main toxins of Amanita muscaria (fly agaric). After optimization of tandem mass detection conditions, MRM transitions were found for muscarine (174 → 57), ibotenic acid (159 → 113), muscimol (115 → 98) and cycloserine (103 → 75), which was used as an internal standard. Measurements were performed on Luna Omega 1.6 µm polar C18 column in RP-HPLC mode with an optimized mobile phase composition of 2:98 (v/v) acetonitrile/deionized water with the addition of 0.1% formic acid in both components and Ascentis Express RP- Amide in HILIC mode with an optimized mobile phase composed of 70:30 (v/v) methanol/deionized water with the addition of 0.5% formic acid in both components. Calibration curves with a range of 0.01 to 10 µg/ml for RP-HPLC and 0.01 to 25 µg/ml for HILIC were measured under optimized conditions. Urine and blood serum solutions of a patient with Amanita muscaria poisoning, including diluted versions of these solutions, were measured. Ibotenic acid and muscimol were found in the patient's urine, muscarine, ibotenic acid and muscimol in the blood serum. The RP-HPLC method gave narrower peaks with lower retentions and lower noise levels. The studied toxins...
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Circulating tumor DNA in urine and its use as a potential biomarker of colorectal cancer
Surkovová, Veronika ; Ptáčková, Renata (advisor) ; Dračínská, Helena (referee)
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a serious disease whose incidence has been steadily increasing. There is a high chance of cure and a good quality of life, if the treatment is started in the early stages of this disease. The so-called liquid biopsy, in which biomarkers from various body fluids are obtained and analyzed, could help with early detection of the disease, monitoring of the patient's condition and appropriate determination of the diagnosis. The aim of this study is to isolate and analyse circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) from the urine of patients with advanced CRC. In these patients the ctDNA was detected in plasma. The method used for analysis is based on the principle of PCR with the formation of heteroduplexes, followed by the separation of "wild type" and mutated DNA fragments by denaturing capillary electrophoresis. Unlike plasma samples, the presence of KRAS mutations was not confirmed in urine samples. Neither the established procedure for plasma analysis, the attempt to enrich ctDNA by so-called purification, nor other tested isolation kits using the selected detection method allowed detection of the KRAS mutation in urine via ctDNA. Although urine ctDNA testing in general appears to be a promising method for improving the treatment level of (colorectal) cancer, and although its use could...
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Basic urine laborator examination
HAMOUZOVÁ, Kateřina
In this bachelor thesis I deal with the basic urine examination in the laboratory of clinical biochemistry. The bachelor thesis is mainly focused on the examination of urine chemically and the examination of urinary sediment. An essential part of the bachelor thesis is to approach public with the course of biological material examination in the laboratory. This work could be benefit for students or general public as an enghlitement of basic laboratory analysis of urine. Mainly in order to collect data which show the importance of testing, whether chemical or microscopic. The theoretical part briefly describes kidneys and their vascular supply. The division into primary and secondary urine is part of the chapter "Urine formation". Urine collection can be found in the same chapter. In the next chapter I present the chemical composition of urine. Urine composition plays an important role without any doubt in determining the patient's health. Furthermore, I characterize physical urine examination, which is an integral part of the basic urine examination. The next chapter is called Chemical examination of urine". Today, urine chemistry is performed through diagnostic strips. Last but not least, urine is examined microscopically. This examination is discussed in the "Penultimate chapter". In the last chapter I describe basic information about urinary stones. The methodology describes the procedure and principle of how to properly perform urine testing in the laboratory, whether chemically or microscopically. At the end of thecase report, the obtained data of analytes in the urine, which outlines the importance of the examined biological material.
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Štítná žláza prasat
ŠTĚCHOVÁ, Petra
Thyroid gland is very important endocrine organ that interferes with a number of processes in the body. Sufficient iodine saturation of animals is essential for optimal production of thyroid hormones. The aim of the bachelor's thesis was to determine iodine supply of slaughter pigs and morphometric parameters of thyroid glands in selected individuals. The study included 27 castrated hybrids of Czech landrace and Pietrain. Iodine content in urine was determined using the Sandell - Kolthoff spectrophotometric method. Thyroid parameters were determined microscopically: length, width, outer and inner area of the follicles and thyrocyte height. The representation of individual size categories of follicles was also determined. The average content of urinary iodine in the observed group was 350.8+-184.3 ug/l, the maximum was 608 ug/l and the minimum was 76 ug/l. Optimally saturated with iodine was 44.44 % of individuals, 11.11 % had a deficiency and 44.44 % an excess of iodine. The average length of the thyroid follicle was 149.3+-64.8 um, width 105.9+-50.6 um, outer area 16810.6+-18030.0 um2, inner area 14318.4+-16985.2 um2 and thyrocyte height 6.2+-2.6 um. In the thyroid glands was 9.4 % small, 62.8 % medium and 27.8 % large follicles. In the selected group of individuals, the impact of different iodine saturation of animals on all monitored thyroid parameters was demonstrated.
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In-matrix esterification of polar carboxylic acids in urine
Anýžová, Petra ; Mráz, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Feltl, Ladislav (referee)
A set of 15 carboxylic acids of various structural types was used to test a new procedure of esterification of these substances in the urine without previous extraction. The acids were first measured by a reference method without the matrix, and then by a procedure, where lyophilized urine was treated with derivatizing reagent alcohol·HCl, which was then evaporated, the residue dissolved in water, esters extracted into an organic solvent and subsequently determined by GC/FID and GC/MS. The work is mainly focused on 2-hydroxyethyl- and carboxymethyl-mercapturic acids, but the procedure was also tested on di-, tri- and hydroxy-carboxylic acids, known as physiological urinary components or markers of metabolic disorders. Key words: carboxylic acids mecapturic acids freeze-dried urine esterification gas chromatography
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Diagnosis and treatment of glomerulonephritis in children
Šejvlová, Barbora ; Nejmanová, Iveta (advisor) ; Kudláčková, Zděnka (referee)
Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Author: Barbora Šejvlová Leader: PharmDr. Iveta Nejmanová, Ph.D Form: Bachelor thesis Field of study: Medical Laboratory Technician Title: Diagnosis and treatment of glomerulonephritis in children Aim of the work: The aim of this theses is to present current examination methods for kidney disease and to describe in more detail the types of glomerulonephritis. A part of the work is also a case report of teenage girl who suffered from glomerulonephritis. Main findings: The thesis is divided into 5 parts. The first part contains information about the anatomy of the kidneys, the physiology of the kidneys and inflammatory diseases of the kidneys. The second part deals with all possible examination methods in nephrology. The chapter describes the examination of urine, which is further divided into the technique of sample acquisition, diuresis, techniques of sample examination, proteinuria and hematuria. In this chapter we will focus on ultrasonography, immunology and renal biopsy too. In the third part we will get acquainted with acute glomerulonephritis. We will discuss rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis in the fourth part. The last chapter is devoted to chronic glomerulonephritis....
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Determination of selected components in human urine with electrophoresis in short capillary.
Makrlíková, Anna
Capillary zone electrophoresis is frequently used in various analyses. In this diploma thesis a hydrodynamic sample introduction method controlled by pressure pulse has been proposed for short-capillary electrophoresis. The base electrolyte flushes sample from the loop of a six-way sampling valve and is carried to the injection end of the capillary. At the time when the sample zone reached the capillary, a short pressure impulse is generated in the electrolyte stream, which provides injection of the sample into the capillary. Then the electrolyte flow is stopped and the separation voltage is turned on. The amount of sample introduced to the capillary is controlled by the duration of the pressure pulse. This new sample introduction method was tested in the determination of ammonia, histidine, creatinine, uric acid and hippuric acid in human urine and for rapid screening of the contents of the inorganic ions in cerebrospinal fluid and blood plasma. The determination was performed in a capillary with an overall length of 10,5 cm and two base electrolytes was tested - 50 mM MES + 5 mM NaOH (pH 5,10) and 1 M acetic acid + 1,5 mM crown ether 18-crown-6 (pH 2,40). Using dual detection techniques contactless conductivity and UV spectrometric detection, anorganic and organic substances in the sample could...
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Analysis of cell-free nucleic acids in urine of urological patients.
Šantorová, Šárka ; Korabečná, Marie (advisor) ; Brdička, Radim (referee) ; Drábek, Jiří (referee)
The two studies follow free nucleic acids in urine in search for biomarkers to distinguish urinary bladder cancer patients from controls. Bladder cancer forms 4 % of newly diagnosed oncological diseases in the Czech Republic. Nowadays, there is no accredited non-invasive method for its diagnosis, which is sufficiently accurate. Urine supernatant, which is washing the bladder mucosa and which does not contain cell debris, seems to be an appropriate source of biomarkers for non-invasive diagnosis. miRNAs, as a non-invasive biomarker of urinary bladder cancer, were studied in one of the studies. miRNAs are short noncoding RNA, which block the process of translation. miRNAs occur in all body fluids and are relatively stable. A study with three phases was assessed to find a suitable miRNA marker. 109 individuals were examined in total (36 controls and 73 bladder cancer patients). The analysis of miRNAs was based on RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction). In the first phase, the urine of 59 individuals was analyzed on TaqMan array card with 381 miRNAs. In the second phase, the results of the first phase were confirmed on the same cohort by a single miRNA assay. In the third phase, a new cohort was used (23 controls and 27 bladder cancer patients), analyzed by a single miRNA assay again....
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